Nelson Mandela Essays (3754 words) - Xhosa People, Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela Reason me sir, may I see your pass? These words mean next to no to most Americans; anyway these words struck dread in the hearts of dark South Africans during the hours of politically-sanctioned racial segregation. While politically-sanctioned racial segregation was being rehearsed, blacks were confined in the occupations they could hold, offices they could use, just as the spots they could be, and all blacks needed to convey goes for ID purposes. In the event that the passes were not all together, the transporter was liable to capture. Through these frightening occasions, one man transcended all the rest in the push to battle this horrendous act of politically-sanctioned racial segregation. This man was Nelson Mandela; a man who was so devoted to the topple of politically-sanctioned racial segregation that he was happy to go through twenty-seven years of his live in jail for the reason. Mandela's ascent toward the South African administration, after his discharge is very much report ed, however so as to really get Mandela, one must look at his life before his jail term, and ascend to the administration. While examining Mandela's life starting here of view, a few inquiries go to the cutting edge. Above all else, what was the degree of the politically-sanctioned racial segregation laws which Mandela and the individuals of South Africa were confronting? Besides, what strategies did Mandela use to battle this act of politically-sanctioned racial segregation? Thirdly, what components played an inspiring power in the life of Mandela? Lastly, what effect does the life of Nelson Mandela have on the remainder of the world? After cautiously responding to every one of these inquiries, one can without much of a stretch see that Nelson Mandela was a man formed by politically-sanctioned racial segregation into an ardent patriot that filled in for instance for his kin and the world. In understanding Mandela as a patriot, one should initially have a thought of the ruthless laws which he confronted and devoted his life to toppling. Politically-sanctioned racial segregation was the approach being utilized to curb the blacks at the hour of Mandela. Reference book of Britannica portrays politically-sanctioned racial segregation as, strategy that represented relations between South Africa's white minority and nonwhite larger part and authorized racial isolation and political and monetary oppression nonwhites (Britannica web). It is essential to take note of that racial separation existed in South Africa since Europeans initially came there, anyway the arrangement of politically-sanctioned racial segregation was not established until after the triumph of the National Party in the appointment of 1948 (Britannica web). When the National Party picked up power, they started their development towards politically-sanctioned racial segregation in 1950 with the Population Regi stration Act (Britannica web). With the death of the demonstration, every South African had to arrange themselves into one of three racial gatherings: Bantu (dark South Africans), Colored (of blended difference), and white (Britannica web). A fourth gathering to incorporate Asian occupants was a later expansion to the demonstration (Britannica web). This disparaging Population Registration Act was the establishment for the entirety of the severe politically-sanctioned racial segregation laws that were yet to originate from the National Party. When the National Party had every South African put into classifications dependent on their race, they went before to order one arrangement that was especially wrecking to blacks. The name of this arrangement was the Group Areas Act of 1950. Before talking about the effect of this demonstration, it is imperative to comprehend the degree of the lion's share the blacks had over the whites. Dark occupants numbered 31.5 million individuals, Colorued were 3.3 million, Asian 1.2 million, and the whites had just 5.4 million occupants (Geocities web). Presently the reason for the Group Areas Act was to keep individuals from specific races from having area, houses, or organizations specifically territories of the nation (Britannica web). Because of this demonstration, the little minority of white residents was apportioned over 80% of South Africa's territory (Britannica web). By breaking down the numbers introduced, it isn't hard to perceive how this demonstration devastatingly affected dark South Africans. Blacks speak to around 75% of the populace, yet are just ready to utilize under 20% of the land. As one could envision, it would be difficult for anybody to flourish under those conditions. Other than the Population Registration Act, and the Group Areas Act numerous different demonstrations were passed to guarantee the isolation among blacks and whites. Two acts in

Young Latina Mothers

Latina As of late, the Latino populace in the US has become the biggest ethnic gathering. As per the Census information, the Latino populace developed by 58% from 1990 to 2000, though the all out populace developed by 13% in a similar period (Skogrand, 2005). The number is assessed to be a lot bigger yet because of their undocumented status numerous Latino individuals didn't take an interest during the 2000 statistics. The term â€Å"Latino† incorporates a wide assortment of outsider subgroups that communicate in Spanish, and envelops various gatherings from Central and South Americas, with vagrants from Mexico, Puerto Rico and Cuba being the biggest, and â€Å"Latina† is the ladylike structure. Youthful Latino Mothers An exploration led by Berkowitz and Kahn (1995) titled, Sources of Support for Young Latina Mothers, featured the predicament of youthful Latina moms in the US and approaches to address their issues. Because of high paces of migration and richness of youthful Latina ladies, which is twice contrasted with the remainder of the US populace, their numbers are developing quickly. Concurring Berkowitz and Kahn, numerous youthful moms and their youngsters are poor, and youthful moms who bring up their kids autonomously endure the worst part of hardship contrasted with the individuals who live with spouses or guardians or different grown-ups who are monetarily stable. Be that as it may, neither getting hitched nor outside help to pad the youthful moms from destitution and other unfriendly effects. There is no single to example to depict Latina moms as they are different; in any case, there are sure highlights every one of the subgroups. Puerto Rican moms are devastated contrasted and different gatherings, stay single, live away from guardians or family members, and are government assistance wards. Cuban moms are financially wealthy with low paces of government assistance benefits. Focal and South American moms living examples are like Anglos, however they are more unfortunate to the Anglos. Youthful high school moms who bring up the kids all alone are seen as the most powerless. Adolescent moms who live with their folks and family members will in general stay in school and less inclined to be poor. Hitched teenager moms are in an ideal situation contrasted with single youngster moms who live with family members or guardians. Be that as it may, wedded teenager moms are more averse to go to class than unmarried, bringing about lower instruction levels. Moms who deferred their first births after the youngster years had done all around contrasted with guardians who became teenager moms †they finished school and school. Social and social impacts Cultural assimilation and biculturalism, as indicated by a few analysts, impact the child rearing style among youthful moms. Cultural assimilation is the procedure where an individual secures the abilities required for life in another condition. Henceforth, the effect of cultural assimilation has adjusted conventional sexual orientation jobs that brought about ladies taking up business, yet they fall into low salary gatherings. Latinas who are less acculturated have conventional sex job convictions, though more acculturated Latinas see more life decisions (Latina Adolescent Health, 2007). Inside the network, there are huge social contrasts, be that as it may, there are shared traits inside numerous Latino families. As per inquire about the Latino families offer significance to family, religion and sexual orientation jobs. The significance of the family is the unavoidable incentive in the Latino culture, more distant family is fundamental. Both parenthood and organizations are viewed as same as family affiliations are given significance. The primary reason for the marriage is to have kids and the ensuing family life. Conventional jobs assume a basic job in fortifying the sexual orientation jobs: Machismo suggests maleness or masculinity and a man is relied upon to be truly solid, authority figure in the family who supports the family. Despite what might be expected, the job of the lady is corresponding or Marianismo, who is generous, religions and a homemaker. In Latino culture, parenthood for ladies is a significant objective, aside from dealing with the older family members and kids. The significance of family and parenthood in the way of life urges youthful Latinas to become moms during their young years. Because of high incentive for parenthood in Latino culture, young ladies don't see pregnancy contrarily. Latino social customs are seen as obstructions to young ladies' capacity to discuss straightforwardly with their accomplices. Some young ladies have babies with an expectation that will bring consideration from baby’s father, and later he will assume up the liability of parenthood; in Latino culture he is the sustainer of the family. They have the most noteworthy unmarried birthrate in the country, more than multiple times that of whites and Asians, and almost one-and-a half times that of African-American ladies. About portion of the offspring of Latina moms are conceived with only one parent present, and there is no sign reducing of the rate as there numbers are expanding quickly. This is because of one of the conventional Hispanic qualities to have kids and frequently. It is viewed as a noteworthy thing for a little youngster to have an infant, and it is hard to convince youthful single parents to surrender kids for appropriation. The very close more distant family helps unwed youngster raising. Reporting fathers of ill-conceived youngsters is dangerous as the impregnators of more youthful ladies are in some cases their uncles, sweetheart of the girl’s mother, more established men who have a bogus thought that virgins are not equipped for parenthood and who dodge explicitly transmitted diseases.â Often, the mother’s family don't see anything awful of these exercises (Mac Donald, 2006). Albeit more established men exploit more youthful ladies, the age contrast between the mother and the dad of an ill-conceived is kid is narrowing. An office in California found that fathers as youthful as 13 to 14 years old and it very normal to locate a 18-year-old to have youngsters with various young ladies, and young men feel getting a young lady pregnant is peer endorsement thing. A vast dominant part of fathers relinquish their youngsters and moms, for a dad might be as of now wedded or taking medications or in jail. In spite of the fact that they think about the fathers’ whereabouts yet don't have a clue whether they are working or in prison. The youthful women’s moms are unfeeling and ignore what's going on in their daughters’ lives, and the current social milieu sustains the kid bearing exercises. References Berkowitz, R. ; Kahn, J. (1995). Wellsprings of help for youthful Latina moms. Recovered on June 19, 2007, from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/cyp/xslatina.htm Latina Adolescent Health. (2007). Recovered on June 19, 2007, from http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/distributions/iag/latina.htm Macintosh Donald, H. (2006). Hispanic Family Values? Hispanic inclining. Recovered on June 19, 2007, from http://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/11/hispanic_family.html Skogrand, L. (2005). Understanding Latino families, suggestions for family training. Recovered on June 19, 2007, from Utah State University, Extension Web website: http://extension.usu.edu/records/distributions/distribution/FR_Family_2005-02.pdf ; ;

Because I Could Not Stop for Death Emily Dickenson

Miranda Jennifer Professor A. Tripp English 355 1, October 2012 Loss Is Nothing Else yet Change Experiencing a misfortune raises overpowering sentiments that are hard to adapt to. The feelings that go with any sort of misfortune can be exceptional and changed. There are phases of sorrow that everybody experiences. A feeling of stun or forswearing as a rule start things out followed by outrage. Haggling follows outrage, at that point sorrow, lastly acknowledgment. In â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† by Emily Dickinson, the speaker is taken on an un expected excursion that lights up her way of grieving, which encourages her go to an acknowledgment with her loss.The title: â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† states that the speaker couldn't start to lament the misfortune. The speaker realized it needed to end yet couldn't stand to end it on his of her own, in this way â€Å"Because I was unable to stop for Death,/He compassionately halted for me;†(L ines 1-2). Dickinson specifies the speaker’s outfit as an imagery of ineptness. â€Å"For just gossamer my outfit/my tippet just tulle,† (15-16). Dickinson’s word decision assume a crucial job all through the sonnet. The term â€Å"immortality†(4) means that the excursion could never end. The speaker is very much aware that the excursion left on was not a round trip.The speaker is taken on an excursion loaded up with numerous encounters, all which the person in question acknowledges and gains from. This excursion lit up the speaker’s point of view of lamenting with the loss of a person or thing. As indicated by Oxford Dictionaries, the descriptive word lighting up can be characterized as: â€Å"to help to explain or explain† (Illuminate). Despite the fact that the excursion was startling, it carried edification to the speaker’s viewpoint of their misfortune. Individuals feel torment while experiencing a misfortune, yet in â€Å"Becau se I Could Not Stop for Death,† the speaker acknowledges it effortlessly, â€Å"I had taken care of/My work, and my relaxation as well,/For his civility†(6-8).The speaker is basically alleviated concerning the misfortune. The person in question is at long last ready to disregard everything that stresses the person in question. By and large, the misfortune brought the speaker serenity. In verse three, the speaker brings an outing through a world of fond memories. â€Å"We passed the school, where youngsters endeavored At break, in the ring; We passed the fields of looking grain, We passed the setting sun. † Remembering past occasions is a run of the mill activity when managing melancholy. The speaker of â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† acknowledged their misfortune, for it in the end drove her to an eternally brimming with bliss.When losing a person or thing, realize that it will show signs of improvement. Losing a person or thing can be the most destroying thing for anybody, yet it is critical to comprehend that once you come to acknowledgment with the misfortune, there is light behind the passage. The speaker of the sonnet is very much aware of this and the person in question consents to the excursion, not knowing where their goal would be. After a long excursion of grieving, the speaker is taken to another home, where the individual in question can at long last be quiet. â€Å"We stopped before a house [†¦]/The rooftop was barely visible,†(7,9).A new home implies a fresh start. Over all the misfortune that the speaker is experiencing, has carried the person in question to another initiation in their life. â€Å"’Tis hundreds of years, but then every vibe shorter than the day I originally inferred the horses’ makes a beeline forever. † The best thing one can do while proceeding onward from a misfortune is to accept each passing second as a chance to develop. The speaker had the option to se e their misfortune as an open door for enthusiastic development. Accordingly, the excursion that the speaker in â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† took lit up their way towards the acknowledgment of their loss.Marcus Aurelius stated, â€Å"Loss is nothing else except for change, and change is Nature’s charm. † Works Cited Dickinson, Emily. â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death. † The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. ninth ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 844. Print. â€Å"Illuminate. † Definition of Illuminate. Oxford Dictionaries, 2012. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. . Meyer, Michael. â€Å"A Study of Emily Dickinson. † Preface. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. ninth ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 819-28. Print.

Discuss The Corporate Governace Of Next PLC - 1925 Words

Discuss The Corporate Governace Of Next PLC (Essay Sample) Content: NEXT PLC CORPORATE GOVERNANCEby (Name)CourseTutorInstitutionLocation of the InstitutionDateAccording to Cadbury Committee of 1992, Corporate governance is the system that helps companies to direct and control their core operations. In a bid to explain the best corporate governance practice of a firm, it is bets to use the many theories which have been advanced on corporate governance. For example, the shareholder theory and enlightened shareholder value theory explain the best practice that a company should adopt (Council, A.C.G., 2007). But due to the dynamism of business environment, firms has to base their operation on governance code using a mix of theories. Typically, the business code is a strategic and dynamic document that best describe what practices the company will engage in with its employees, customers, suppliers, and community. Therefore, the code can only serve it purpose with modifications to meet the changes over time of the local and global circumsta nces (Thompson, and Wright, 1995). Besides, for the changes to have a fair representation of everyone, all stakeholders of the firm have to be consulted and involved in a transparent and open fashion into business operations (Council, A.C.G., 2007). Besides, there has to be room for comments and feedbacks from the stakeholders. In a bid to explain corporate governance best practice, the paper will discuss the corporate governance code of practice of Next plc using shareholders theory and enlightened shareholder value theory on corporate governance. Next plc complies with the International Labour Organization Code.Based on shareholders theory, businesses have the responsibility of taking care of all the stakeholders including the shareholders. Primarily, shareholders argument was anchored on the premise that shareholders value is at the core of business operation (Freeman, Wicks, and Parmar, 2004). In other words, the companys core responsibility is to increase profit and improve sha reholders wealth. For this reasons, management focused on profit at the expense of other critical aspects of the business. But due to changes witnessed in the global business arena such need for corporate social responsibility, business have taken a drastic shift concerning their corporate governance practices (Turban, and Greening, 1997). Today, companies have realized that there are many disadvantages of only focusing on shareholders interest. For example, theory led firms to have short term strategy and take significant risks to increase profits. Due to the realisation, therefore, new companies have embraced the definition of the shareholder as any person or group of individuals who affect and are affected by the business operation (Davies, and Schlitzer, 2008). According to this definition, the shareholders include employees, suppliers, customers, creditors, competitors, community and the business owners (Thompson, and Wright, 1995). From the preceding discussion on shareholders theory, it is clear that business interest has moved to a focus on business corporate social responsibility as an element of shareholders approach. In fact, due to the incorporation of corporate social responsibility in the long-term objectives of the firm, corporations have recognized that they have responsibilities in economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic terms of the business operations.Concerning the shareholders theory, Next plc has its code of practice aligned to the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) Base Code. Next plc is focused on ethical practice towards its stakeholders and views them as part and parcel of the core processes. For widening the scope of the code to all interested parties, Next Limited developed a system that has nine fundamental principles that upholds human dignity and human right while facilitating the primary goal of maximizing the companys profit and relation with all stakeholders. The principles include no forced labor, employment security to wor kers, offer legal working hours that do not exceed 48 hours a week, safe and healthy working environment, freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining to customers and suppliers, and no child labour (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). These principles commit to the UN Guidelines on Business Human Rights that requires firms to respect all people with dignity and respect. As a matter of fact, the UN guiding principle requires companies to have the responsibility of protecting human rights through the implementation of elaborate standards. The regulation should recognize, prevent and uphold human rights through its operations. In compliance with the UN rule, Next plc is not only committed to increasing its profits but also to treat every stakeholder within and outside the business with dignity as seen in its nine principles. For example, the Next company code is a long term standard that continuously aims at improving the delivery of high standards of services and goods (Nextplc.co .uk, 2017). The quality services and products meet the expectations of its customer, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders which in turn increase its profitability through high sales. Besides, the Next plc code supports the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the fundamental labour principle by incorporating suppliers to its operation (Hendry, 2001). For example, Next plc has allowed its suppliers to take responsibility for their supply chain and activities (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). Therefore, the suppliers are in charge of delivery of stocks that meet the international quality and safety standards. By implication, the involvement of vendors in business operation ensures quality goods are produced at the right time for the right market hence an increase of the sales revenue (Smith, 2003). In effect, the increased revenue, in turn, increases the shareholders value. The incorporation of suppliers to business operation also goes a long way in creating a healthy relationship b etween the firm and its suppliers (Keay, 2007). The good relationship is good for the business posterity and sustenance of its competitive advantage.Another theory that can best explain Next code of practice enlightened shareholder value. According to the theory, firms should generate wealth to shareholders with a long-term focus on developing a healthy relationship with other stakeholders (Harper Ho, 2010). The theory explains that for posterity, a business must take care of those involved in the business operation (Admin, 2017). Such entities include customers, suppliers, community, and employees. In line with the enlightened shareholder value, Next plc has ensured that their workers are comfortable (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). The company has created safe and healthy working condition to motivate their employees and improve their lives. Besides, the firm has fair wages and benefits. The real wages ensure that the human rights of giving employment security. The working hours are also la wful (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). All these practices give the workers a better sense of responsibility. Ideally, employees are critical to the success of the company. When the employees are satisfied with their work, hey go out of their ways to provide quality service to the customers, to suppliers, and management (Jackson, 2011). The effect of the satisfied customers is that their morale will be high to improve the quantities of goods. Further the company can realize increase profit margins. To comply with the Universal labour laws, Next plc practices do not protect employee children (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). Since the UN prohibits child labour, by not allowing minor workers to their firm, Next firmly complies with the law.Moreover, next practice no discrimination to all staff. The employees whether direct or indirect to Next are treated equally with a recognition of cultural differences. For ensuring adherence to the practice code, all suppliers have to employ workers with skills regardle ss of their gender, race, colour, language, ethnicity, and nationality (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). The employees who are employed on a fair platform, embrace the firms policy and promotes the universal human rights of equitable treatment and offer to employment. The stakeholders must also see the workers beyond their social origin, religious beliefs, marital status, age, political affiliations, and disability (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). Ideally, without discriminatory aspects in the firm, business is poised to hire qualified personnel who can do a good job to increase the companys profit. The practice goes against the conventional practice where companies focused on maximizing their profits at the expense of its workers and customer (Keay, 2012). Another practice is the official working hours that do not exceed forty-eight hours per week. The code makes the firm to offer sensible laws that offer highest protection to its stakeholders were overtime is voluntary for a maximum of twelve hours on a weekly basis (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). Supplier and employees who work overtime should be paid according to the market rate of the manufacturing country. Even more, Next plc allows for freedom of expression and the right to collective bargaining (Nextplc.co.uk, 2017). Next, recognizes and respects their employees will organise and join trade unions of their choice and have collective bargaining groups.However, Next still needs to go overboard in its corporate governance practice. The company should as well focus on the local community. For example, the company should sponsor some activities in the community where it is based. Going by its current code, much focus is on its customers, employees, and suppliers. Although su...

The History of Film Noir Essay - 1018 Words

The History of Film Noir Film Noir literally means ‘Black Film’. This term was first coined by French film critic Nino Frank, who noticed a trend in the darkness of themes in many American films that constituted wartime cinema. Classic film noir developed during the 1940’s during and after World War two, taking advantage of the post war zeitgeist of anxiety, pessimism and suspicion. Mistrust, fear, paranoia, and bleakness is obvious in noir, it reflects the cold war period when the threat of nuclear annihilation was ever present. The categorisation of noir is very difficult to propose, The term ‘Film Noir’ was not recognised in the industry or by the audiences in the 1940’s, for example it†¦show more content†¦The classic characteristics of a Male personality in a film noir is moody, melancholy, cynical and hard hearted. He will almost always fall for the heartless, double crossing, mysterious and manipulative ‘Femme Fatal’ He will also be involved with the other classic noir characters including : petty criminals, sociopaths, gangsters, villains and the innocent ‘girl next door’ character. Some of the first film noirs are as follows Ã… ¸ Maltese Falcon (1941) Ã… ¸ Murder, My Sweet (1944) Ã… ¸ Double Indemnity (1944) Ã… ¸ Laura (1944) Ã… ¸ The Woman In The Window (1944) When Kathie Moffett (Greer) shoots her admirer, Whit Sterling (Douglas), a big time gambler, and absconds with $40,000 of his money, Sterling hires a private detective Jeff Bailey (Mitchum) to find her. Bailey leaves New York and catches up with Kathie in Mexico. Kathie denies taking the money and after falling for her charms, Bailey notifies Sterling that he could not find her. The film has a fair amount of double crossing Bailey double crossing Stirling and Kathie double crossing both men. She is the classic ‘Femme Fatal’ I have decided on a ten minute scene in which Jeff Bailey meets Kathie Moffett for the first time. The scene begins with a voice over from Bailey, he tells us (the audience) that he will wait in a cafà © until he finds her. The cafà © he choosesShow MoreRelatedFilm Noir: A Style Spanning Genres Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesobjets d’art, including film – and the recognition or dismissal of film noir as a genre has been argued since the term was coined. While the term itself is valid, film noir as a genre is a misnomer. More properly, film noir should be considered a style unto itself, but definitively not genre, defined by the very definitions of the words â€Å"style† and â€Å"genre†. 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It is also present in the mise-en-scene choices such as the dark costumes and modest lighting with the great emphasis on shadows (Allyn 1978, p. 117). The main character’s voice-over, another important film noir characteristic, brings this darknessRead MoreChristopher Nol An American Film Director, Screenwriter, And Producer And Auteur.847 Words   |  4 PagesLaksamana Riadi Jeff Crum Film 1 6 December 2015 CHRISTOPHER NOLAN Christopher Nolan is considered an English-American film director, screenwriter, and producer and Auteur. Nolan is a man of talent who is known as one of the smartest, most creative, and successful directors in the film industry today.He is widely recognized after his first successful feature movie Following(1998),a noir thriller film.Which was recognized at a number of international film festival.Common themes and actors can be

Sympathizing With Shylock At The End Of Act 4 in William...

Sympathizing With Shylock At The End Of Act 4 in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Throughout The Merchant of Venice the extent to which the reader sympathises with Shylock is constantly adjusted, formed by the most recent facts and circumstances learned of. After only a few words the impression given of Shylock is one of a sly, cunning, suspicious man; he openly admits (to the reader/viewer) that he hates Antonio for he is a Christian. We then learn of possible justification for this view and yet Shylock still agrees to lend him the all of the requested money. After this, Shylock loses a servant (to a Christian) then loses much of his money with his only daughter (again to a Christian),†¦show more content†¦This favour may be seen as a simple gesture of good will, a way for Antonio to become indebted to him (assuming the money is repaid) or, if it is not repaid, the more sinister reason of Shylock wanting Antonio to have to pay the penalty - originally, Shylock claimed, chosen in a merry sport, or in good spirit - a pound of Antonios flesh to be cut ou t at Shylocks choice. The first two of these reasons would add to our sympathy; the third would possibly indicate an almost evil side to a Jew seeking revenge on the people he hates. Shylocks loss of his servant Launcelot to a Christian does not add any great feelings of sympathy towards him, but does perhaps add a bit to the understanding of Shylocks entire anti-Christian attitude, and also possibly indicates that Shylocks household is not an enjoyable place to work. The elopement of his daughter Jessica with a Christian, however, generates mixed emotions. On one hand, Shylock loves her and she is very dear to him; she is arguably the thing he loves most in the world. However, there is evidence to suggest she had good reason to leave. She knew that if she told Shylock of Lorenzo (her Christian lover) he would not allow them ever to meet again, let alone marry. Shylock lives a life based on strict Jewish law and morals; perhaps too strict for Jessica, as shown in Act

Journal Of Environmental Research Health â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Environmental Research Health? Answer: Introduction Modern gardens are usually characterized by streamlined, sleek and cultured styles. In most cases, the main goal of modern landscape architecture is to create gardens that have organized and controlled appearances that also increases the value of property besides creating spectacular views. But looking at the history of gardens, they have more uses beyond beauty and remarkable views. Some gardens are used for medical, treatment and/or healing purposes, relaxation, meeting points and productivity increase(Anderson, 2011)(Franklin, 2012); (Gray Birrell, 2014) (Lau, et al., 2014). Therefore gardens have been very essential components of buildings from the early days(Detweiler, et al., 2012). Regardless of the intended use, modern gardens comprise of common architectural features/elements that give them outstanding views. These elements must work collectively in harmony so as to achieve the intended purpose. This essay analyzes two design landscapes: Donnell Garden, Sonoma, California, USA designed by Thomas Church, and Residence Own House Garden, Ridgewood, New Jersey, USA designed by James C. Rose. The aspects discussed are: cultural context, design psychology, formal qualities and stylistic attributes. Donnell Garden is one of the masterpieces that were designed by Thomas Church, a renowned landscape architect, with the help of George Rockrise and Lawrence Halprin. Thomas Church was a pioneer of American modern landscape architecture and managed to establish a style referred to as California Garden, after getting inspiration from the U.S.s West Coast (Jere, 1993)(Treib, 2003). They designed the garden for Dewey and Jean Donnell family in Sonoma, California, USA. Up to date, Donnell Garden is still a modernist icon in American landscaping industry. The garden was completed in 1948 and it is on the hillside overlooking San Francisco Bays northern extensions. Figure 1 below shows the aerial view of Donnell Garden. Cultural Context Donnell Garden is a landscape garden with great importance for American landscape history, in cultural context. The garden was created after World War II and the Great Depression, the period when American landscape significantly revitalized. Thomas used art to express various elements of modernism in the garden with less attention to the surrounding physical setting. He designed the line of the edge of the kidney-shaped pool to resonate the patterns of waterways meandering across the nearby valley that was being overlooked by the terrace. Additionally, the pavers colours, plantings and rocks groupings reflect the form and colour of the extensive landscape and its features where Donnell Garden is located(Beattie, 2015). The garden was in the cattle ranch of family, which they used for picnicking. Church included rare, abstracted forms that made Donnell Garden very famous. His aim was to give the garden a modern look that provided the family with a cool place to relax, play, swim, barb eque, garden and entertain. He wanted the garden to complement the booming economy and rapidly growing population of California. When designing the garden, Church responded to particular site and client characteristics and at the same time explored new architectural styles and forms. In general, Donnell Garden was designed with a modernism attitude and that is why it has spectacular views, such as the unique pool and chairs around it. Design Philosophy The main design philosophy that Church applied when designing Donnell Garden was abstract modernism. Church was among the pioneers of abstract modernism in North American landscape architecture and he used this philosophy to design a spectacular garden and express himself in it. His design philosophy was influenced by historical events and his personal ideas and experience. The unique design of Donnell Garden was based on four principles: unity (compatibility between the garden and the house), function (the relationship between the garden and the specific needs of the client), simplicity (in terms of layout of the site, aesthetic and economic) and scale (aimed at creating pleasant relation between various management of the garden)(Church, 1995). Churchs idea was to create a garden that may be looked at from different viewpoints. On this basis, he created a garden that did not have a beginning or an end. The garden was designed in consideration of the usage requirements and nature of site(Treib, 2005). The whole idea of the garden was based on California Garden that aims at creating a modern garden that makes outdoor life more thrilling. He also included the living habits of local people and the environment of California. For instance, the garden has several trees that are complementary to the surrounding landscape (as shown in Figure 2 below) and the amorphous pool that was very unusual. Another philosophy he used was dividing the garden into separate rooms. For example, the garden has separate places for entrance yard, lawn, swimming pool, free space probably for basking in the sun, large platform, dining area, etc. Therefore Church designed Donnell Garden with an aim of making it unique and integrating the principles of unity, function, simplicity and scale. He wanted to go beyond the traditional norms of flowers in the gardens by introducing new elements and perspectives. Formal Qualities Formal qualities of Donnell Garden are reflected in aspects such as topography, vegetation, source of water, climate of the area, material and geomorphology. Donnell Garden is located in Sonoma, California, USA. The coordinates of the garden are 38.1830 N, 122.4521 W and the basic geomorphology in the area is sandstone. Topography of location of Donnell Garden is Sonoma County Coast. The general climate of the area is Mediterranean. This climate is warm and temperate generally mild and fairly dry with little rain throughout the year. But the rain usually increases during winter. The average annual rainfall in the area is 747.5 mm. There is always plenty of sun throughout the year with very minimal chances of snow. Average minimum temperature is 11 C while the maximum temperature is 23.2 C. The hottest and coldest months are July and December respectively. According to Koppen-Geiger climate classification, the climate of Sonoma is Csc(Climate-Data.Org, (n.d.)). The sources of water f or Donnell Garden are local reservoirs and streams, and other water projects by federal and state governments. Indigenous vegetation is predominant in the area with few exotic species. The common indigenous vegetation are Cornus nuttalli and Myrica californica. Different areas of the garden are made of different materials. The lawn is made of green and well maintained natural grass that gives a natural look and feel, as shown in Figure 3 below. The pavement ground of part of the large platform is concealed with redwood or wood of the U.S. fir. The floating deck is designed using checkerboard of wooden boards aimed at preserving existing trees and also creating more living space outdoors. The remaining part of the floor, which is the largest, is made of concrete. The pattern of the floor is grid and it creates a large space for the family and their friends to carry out different activities in the garden including, barbecue, playing and entertainment. The connection of the gardens contour is by curved and jagged lines. The kidney-shaped pool and sculptures smooth curves are similar to the S-shaped line of the distant San Francisco bay. The canopys frame conveys the impression of the skyline and wilderness of the bay in the garden. This is bec ause Donnell Garden is located on a raised ground that gives it a spectacular view overlooking the countryside. There is also the vegetation and trees surrounding the garden Stylistic Attributes These are basically features that make each garden standout from the others. Donnell Garden represents California Garden style. The gardens central part has a kidney-shaped swimming pool. The pools location and unique design makes it the focal visual point and center of recreational activities since most people in California preferred outdoor pools. The layout of the swimming pool also provides two segments for different functions. One section of the swimming pool is longer and deeper, with a springboard, as shown on Figure 4 below. This is mainly designed for adults swimming. The other section of the swimming pool is shallower and more secure. This is mainly designed for children. The swimming pool also has one spectacular feature smooth curved Adaline Kent sculpture. The sculpture is located at the center of the swimming pool (as shown in Figure 5 below) and it serves different functions. The first function is to separate the two sections of the swimming pool the deeper and shall ower areas. The sculpture also has a hole at its base, sizeable enough to draw children through it. The sculpture also acts as a small island in the pool where people can rest. The sculptures soft curves also repeated echoed other elements of the landscape such as curves of rivers and mountains thus complementing the garden and surrounding site. The design of this swimming pool was so unique and spectacular that it became Californias epitome of outdoor lifestyle(Trufelman, 2017). Therefore the design of Donnell Garden accommodated the needs of the family and the characteristics of the surrounding landscape. Another stylish attribute of Donnell Garden is the amorphous transition between different areas of the garden. Even though the garden was divided into separate rooms, transition from one room to another was formless. This showed inclination of Church towards Spanish renaissance art. But this was not just limited to transition between rooms in the garden but it was also extended to transition between the garden and the house i.e. outdoor and indoor living(Tunnard, 2014). Residence Own House Garden, Ridgewood, New Jersey, USA by James C. Rose Residence Own House Garden is a landscape iconic located in Ridgewood, New Jersey, USA. The garden was designed by James Rose for his own residence. This was the building where James Rose lived with his family. The garden is very significant in American history of modern landscape architecture as it shows the origin of modernism in landscape architecture. James Rose was a famous inventor of modernism in landscape architecture and he demonstrated his design in this garden. James Rose started his activism for modernism in landscape architecture while still in school. When studying in Harvard, he teamed up with his classmates Dan Kiley and Garrett Eckbo to rebel against conventional landscape designs and theories. He declined to follow the official style of Beaux-Arts architecture for seeing the landscapes as modern buildings pastoral setting. This led to his expulsion from Harvard. The three colleagues then started social action for modernism in landscape architecture. As a result of this, they wrote several articles explaining their landscape design philosophy and ideas(Cardasis, 1995). Cultural Context Residence Own Home Garden represents the genesis of modern landscape design in Northern America. Designed by one of the pioneers of modernism in landscape architecture, the garden has a strong cultural context. According to James Rose, gardens were part of homes that were supposed to be places where home owners and their friends could relax and have fun at no extra cost. In other words, James Rose wanted landscape architects in USA to move out of the norm and start thinking out of the box when designing gardens. To him, conventional landscape design styles were boring and wasteful. James Rose used several artistic elements when designing his private garden after Second World War. This private garden later made him famous not only in North America but all over the world. His design style was largely influenced by Renaissance movement, which advocated for modern landscape designing. During this period, pioneers of modern landscape architecture relied on three fundamental design princi ples. The first was to create garden accounting that were innovative with some intellectual forms. The second was to create an amorphous relationship between the indoor and outdoor environments of the building by applying a unified design style. The third was to balance between garden use and surrounding landscape. The push for these three design principles became dominant in architecture history between 1938 and 1941. Colour is one of the key elements that James Rose used in his private garden, as shown in Figure 6 below. He believed that combining different colours could give the garden different perspectives. Nevertheless, he made sure that the colors integrated with the surrounding landscape. To the north end of the house was James Roses studio, in the center was his mothers house and to the south was his sisters small guesthouse. He called the house a tiny village. Each interior of the house opened to a common area covered with trellis and paved with grass panels and flagstones. He also used rope panels and moveable bamboo screens to provide privacy for each area, as shown in Figure 7 below. He used this materials because he was against resource wastage and supported recycling and reuse of materials(Cardasis, 2017). According to James Rose, having a spectacular garden did not necessarily mean spending too much to build and construct it. On this garden, he used recycled materials such as salvag ed wood, old doors and railroad ties. His garden was planted with vines and ferns, resonating the structural character of wooden architecture. This was a strong statement of not disregarding traditional architecture that had been used in America for many years but instead being more creative about it. He gave all the recycled materials he used to create the garden new aesthetic and functional uses. Therefore James Rose focused on mimicking the rapid changes that happened in nature and peoples lifestyle without having negative environmental nor economic impacts. He believed that creativity, innovation and simplicity were the key tools to modern landscape architecture(Cardasis, 1994). Design Philosophy Abstract modernism was the basic design philosophy that James Rose applied when designing his private garden. He designed this garden when USA was going through transformation. This was post World War II period and a lot of changes were happening in the country, including population, lifestyle, economic activities and nature. As a landscape architect, James Rose saw the need for changes in landscape design styles. He wanted to create gardens that matched the needs of people and surroundings. Living with his mother and sister, James Rose understood the need for privacy, not for protection against mischievous acts but giving people the freedom to choose what to do when in outdoor. This is quite different from Donnell Garden by Thomas Church where the garden did not seem to have a beginning or an end. James Rose created privacy for each segment of the garden especially at the openings of the interiors. The work of James Rose was also influenced by Japanese design through seamless integr ation of outdoor and indoor rooms. This is a crucial trademark of modern design as landscape architects aim at creating outdoor spaces that complement indoor spaces. James Rose applied this very principle, which is linked to Japanese design, to his private garden. Another principle that James Rose applied was integration of the garden with the surrounding. There are many natural, native trees in the garden. This makes the garden to be properly integrated in the surrounding landscape. The trees are tall and green to give the garden a more natural look and feel. Another very interesting aspect of these trees is that they are also part of the garden structure. Some trees are seen to be penetrating inside the building and probably have a function to perform. This is very unique and thought-provoking even to todays landscape architects. Recyclability and reuse is another element that James Rose introduced in his private garden. A significant percentage of materials used in the garden were natural and recycled. He used old doors, railroad ties, salvaged wood, grass panels, flagstones, rope panels and bamboo screens, as shown in Figure 8 below. These are materials that were locally available and therefore cost less. This is a very crucial idea even in modern landscape architecture considering the growing concerns of global climate change. Recycling and reuse of materials and use of locally available materials are some of the practices that are being encouraged so as to reduce environmental impacts. So James Rose started the idea of modernism in landscape architecture with an aim of creating distinctive, functional and resource efficient gardens. Formal Qualities Reflection of formal qualities of Residence Own House Garden is done by considering aspects such as topography, vegetation, source of water, climate of the area, material and geomorphology of the location of the garden. It is important to analyze these aspects and evaluate their relationship with or influence on design of the garden. Residence Own House and Garden is located in Ridgewood, New Jersey, USA. The coordinates of Residence Own House Garden are 40 58 46 N, 074 07 00 W and the basic geomorphology in the area is sand shale rock extensions combined with sandstone. The topography where Residence Own House Garden is located is western Pennsylvania across Delaware River and Delaware southwest across Delaware Bay. The climatic zone of the area is hardiness zone and hot-summer humid continental climate. According to Koppen-Geiger climate classification, the climate of Ridgewood is Cfa (Humid Subtropical Climate). This climate is warm and temperate. The rainfall is plenty even du ring the driest month. The average annual rainfall in the area is 1248.1 mm. Average minimum temperature is 5.6 C while the maximum temperature is 16.9 C. The hottest and coldest months are July and January respectively. The main source of water in the area is long island sound. Indigenous vegetation is predominant in the area, including oak in northern forests and Pine Barrens in pine forests. The topography, climate, geomorphology, material, water source and vegetation of Ridgewood, New Jersey are very favorable for the ideas of Residence Own House Garden. Having an idea of creating exceptional gardens using locally available and recycled materials, James Rose has plenty of choices. Wood is the predominant material that James Rose used. Almost every section of the garden has a wooden element, including the benches, as shown in Figure 9 below. This is probably because the climate favored plant growth and therefore use of locally available materials was a good and cost-effective idea. Bamboos, grass panels and flagstones are the other natural materials used. The veins and ferns planted in the garden shows the areas favorable climatic conditions that are characterized by evenly distributed rainfall. Stylistic Attributes Residence Own House Garden has many stylistic attributes. The design philosophy of James Rose is to design a functional and modern garden with natural or locally available materials. James Rose was born in 1913 and dies in 1991. However, his philosophy is needed now and in the future than never before. Building sector contributes a significant amount of global carbon emissions and James Roses philosophy is among the encouraged strategies of reversing the current situation. Maybe James Rose saw what many were not seeing after World War II and that is why he rooted for his design philosophy. A great conservationist indeed. Most of the outdoor trellis in the garden were constructed around existing trees the best way to integrate a garden on a site without cutting down trees or demolishing other structures. The garden is very colorful through integration of natural trees and materials. Besides providing a place for relaxation and family activities, it also provides a place for work. It has common areas that are enclosed with trellis, grass panels and bamboo screens to protect the occupants from unnecessary disturbances. The wooden architectures structural character is also complemented with vines and ferns throughout. The predominance of recycled materials also show James Roses attitude towards material conservation. Residence Own House Garden has a central fountain sculpture at the centre of the garden, as shown in Figure 10 below. This is the most symbolic and representative design element of modern landscape architecture. Besides being a symbol of modern landscape architecture, the fountain also creates a cool, fresh and relaxing environment in the garden all year round. Conclusion Donnell Garden by Thomas Church and Residence Own House Garden by James Rose are two gardens that were designed by pioneers of modernism in landscape architecture. These two gardens did not just capture the attention of people in United States of America but they were and are still great works in the history of modern landscape architecture. The two gardens are similar and unique in equal measures. Both landscape architects wanted to create masterpieces that could represent their design philosophies of modern landscape architecture, and they truly did it successfully. Each of the gardens has a unique design philosophies, formal qualities and stylish attributes. For example, Donnell Garden has a central kidney-shaped swimming pool with smooth curved Adaline Kent sculpture while Residence Own House Garden has central fountain sculpture as their symbolic and representative elements of modern landscape architecture. James Rose also focused on avoiding wastage of resources by using recy cled, natural and locally available marketing. These two gardens are indeed a representation of the genesis of modern landscape architecture that should be emulated by stakeholders in landscape architecture field. References Anderson, B., 2011. An exploration of the potential benefits of healing gardens on veterans with PTSD, Logan, Utah: Utah State University. Beattie, J., 2015. Gardens at the frontier: new management perspectives on garden history and designed landscapes. Studies in the History of Gardens Designed Landscapes , pp. 1-4. Cardasis, D., 1994. Maverick impossible: James Rose and the modern American garden. In: The Modern Garden in Europe and the United States, Proceedings of the Garden Conservancy Symposium. Cold Spring, N.Y.: Garden Conservancy, pp. 31-41. Cardasis, D., 1995. James C. Rose. In: Pioneers of American Landscape Design II: an annotated bibliography. Washington, DC: Historical Landscape Initiative, US National Park Service, pp. 127-132. Cardasis, D., 2017. Jmes Rose: a voice offstage. Athens, GA: Library of American Landscape History, University of Georgia Press. Church, T., 1995. Gardens Are For People. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Climate-Data.Org, (n.d.). Climate: Sonoma. [Online] Available at: https://en.climate-data.org/location/125175/ Detweiler, M. et al., 2012. What is the evidence to support the use of therapeutic gardens for the elderly?. Psychiatry Investigation, pp. 100-110. Franklin, D., 2012. How Hospital Gardens Help Patients Heal. [Online] Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nature-that-nurtures/ Gray, T. Birrell, C., 2014. Are biophilic-designed site office building linked to health benefits and high performing occupants?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, pp. 12204-12222. Jere, S., 1993. The California Garden. Washington, DC: Landscape Architecture Foundation. Lau, S. S., Gou, Z. Liu, Y., 2014. Healthcare campus by open space design: approaches and guidelines. Frontiers of Architectural Research, pp. 452-467. Treib, M., 2003. Thomas Church Landscape architect: Designing a Modern California Landscap. San Francisco, Calfornia: William Stout Publishers. Treib, M., 2005. The Donnell and Eckbo Gardens: Modern California Masterworks. Berkeley: University of California Press. Trufelman, A., 2017. The Pool and Stream. [Online] Available at: https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-pool-and-the-stream/ Tunnard, C., 2014. Gardens in the Modern Landscape: A Fascimile of the Revised 1948 Edition. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Introduction to Indian Customs Duty Essay Example

Introduction to Indian Customs Duty Essay Custom Duty  is imposed under the  Indian Customs Act formulated in 1962  by the Constitution of India under the Article 265, which states that â€Å"no tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law. So, theIndian Custom  Act was  introduced  that allow the Central Government to collect the taxes under the name of Custom Duty. Custom Duties are usually levied with ad valorem rates and their base is  determined  by the domestic value the  imported goods  calculated at the official  exchange rate. Similarly, export duties are imposed on export values expressed in domestic  currency.Export duties are levied occasionally to clear up excess profitability in  international price  of goods in respect of which domestic  prices  may be low at given time. But the  concept  of import duty is wide and almost universal, except for a few goods like food grains, fertilizer, life saving drugs and equipment etc. The Indian Customs Duties are major so urce of revenue for the Union Government and constitute around 30% of its   tax revenues. Together with  Central Excise duties, the contribution amount to nearly three-fourth of total tax revenue of the Union Government.Custom duty not only raises money for the Central Government but also helps the government to prevent the illegal  imports  and illegal  exports  of goods from India. The Central government has emergency powers toincrease  import or export duties whenever necessary after a  notification  in the session of Parliament. History of Indian Customs The Custom Duty in its present form dates back to 1786, when Bruisers formed the first Revenue Board in Calcutta. In 1808, a new  Trade Board  was introduced for  export and import of goods from India.Once again, in 1859 Customs Duties Act was introduced in which provincial import duties were replaced by uniform Tariff Act and was  applicable  to all Indian territories within the country. In the subse quent year several changes in the Custom Policy took places and are as follow: * Sea Customs Act was passed by Government in 1878. * Indian Tariff Act was passed in 1894. * Air Customs having been covered under the India Aircrafts Act of 1911, * Land Customs Act was passed in 1924. After Independence, the Sea Customs Act and other allied enactments were epealed by a consolidating and amending legislation entitled the  Customs Act, 1962  (CA). Similarly the Act of 1934 was repealed by theCustoms Tariff Act, 1975(CTA). Governing Body As per Section12 of the India Customs Act,  Custom Duty  is imposed on Goods, belonging to Government as well as goods not belonging to Government. Section 2(22), gives inclusive definition of ‘goods as Goods includes: Goods As per  Section12  of the India Customs Act, Custom Duty is imposed on Goods, belonging to Government as well as goods not belonging to Government.Section 2(22), gives inclusive definition of ‘goods as Goods includes: * Vessels, aircrafts and vehicles * Stores * Baggage * Currency and negotiable instruments and * Any other kind of movable property. Objectives of Custom Duties The customs duty is levied, primarily, for the following purpose: * Restricting Imports for conserving foreign exchange. * Protecting Indian Industry from undue competition. * Prohibiting imports and exports of goods for achieving the policy objectives of the Government. Regulating export. * Co-coordinating legal provisions with other laws dealing with foreign exchange such as  Foreign Trade Act,Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, Conservation of  Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act,etc. Mode of Levy of Customs Duty Basically there are three modes of imposing Customs Duty: 1. Specific Duties:   Specific custom duty is a duty imposed on each and every  unit  of a commodity imported or exported. For example, Rs. 5 on each meter of cloth imported or Rs. 500 on each T.V. set imported. In this case, the value of commodity is not taken into consideration. 2. Advalorem Duties:  Advalorem custom duty is a duty imposed on the total value of a commodity imported or exported. For example, 5% of F. O. B. value of cloth imported or 10% of C. LF. value of T. V. sets imported. In case of Advalorem custom duty, the physical  units  of commodity are not taken into consideration. 3. Compound Duties:   Compound custom duty is the combination of specific and advalorem custom duties.In this case, the quantities as well as the value of the commodity are taken into consideration while computing tariff. For example, 5% of F. O. B. value plus, 50 paisa per meter of cloth imported. Decline in Customs Duty India’s  customs tariff rates  have been declining since 1991. The â€Å"peak† rate has come down from 150% in 1991-2 to 40% in 1997-98. The downward momentum was reversed the next year with the imposition of a surcharge. This momentum has resumed with the reduction of th e â€Å"peak† rate to 35% in 2001-2 and 30% in 2002-3

The Negro Motorist Green Book Aided Black Travelers During Segregation

The Negro Motorist Green Book Aided Black Travelers During Segregation The Negro Motorist Green Book was a paperback guide published for black motorists traveling in the United States  in an era when they might be denied service or even find themselves threatened  in many locations. The creator of the guide, Harlem resident Victor H.  Green, began producing the book in the 1930s as a part-time project, but growing demand for its information made it an enduring business. By the 1940s the Green Book, as it was known by its loyal readers, was being sold at newsstands, at  Esso gas stations, and also by mail order. Publication of the Green Book continued into the 1960s, when it was hoped legislation prompted by the Civil Rights Movement would finally make it unnecessary. Copies of the original books are  valuable collectors items today, and facsimile editions are sold via the internet. A number of editions have been digitized and placed online as libraries and museums have come to appreciate them as noteworthy artifacts of Americas past. Origin of the Green Book According to 1956 edition of the Green Book, which contained a brief essay on the publications history, the idea first came to Victor H. Green sometime in 1932. Green, from his own experience and those of friends, knew of painful embarrassments suffered which ruined a vacation or business trip. That was a genteel way of expressing the obvious. Driving while black in 1930s America could be worse than uncomfortable; it could be dangerous. In the Jim Crow era, many restaurants would not allow black patrons. The same was true of hotels, and non-white travelers might be forced to sleep by the side of the road. Even filling stations might discriminate, so black travelers could find themselves running out of fuel while on a trip. In some parts of the country, the phenomenon of sundown towns, localities where black travelers were warned not to spend the night, persisted well into the 20th century. Even in places that did not blatantly proclaim bigoted attitudes, black motorists could be intimidated by locals  or harassed  by the police. Green, whose day job was working for the Post Office in Harlem, decided to compile a reliable listing of establishments African American motorists could stop and not be treated as second-class citizens. He began collecting information, and in 1936 he published the first edition of what he titled The Negro Motorist Green Book. The first edition of The Negro Motorist Green Book sold for 25 cents and was intended for a local audience. It featured advertisements for establishments that welcomed African American patrons and were within a days drive of New York City. The introduction to each annual edition of the Green Book requested that readers write in with ideas and suggestions. That request drew responses, and alerted Green to the idea that his book would be useful far beyond New York City. At the time of the first wave of the Great Migration, black Americans might be traveling to visit relatives in distant states. In time the Green Book began covering more territory, and eventually the listings included much of the country. Victor H. Greens company eventually sold about 20,000 copies of the book each year. What the Reader Saw The books were utilitarian, resembling  a small phone book that could be kept handy in an automobiles glove compartment. By the 1950s dozens of pages of listings were organized by state and then by town. The tone of the books tended to be  upbeat and cheerful, giving an optimistic look at what black travelers may encounter on the open road. The  intended audience, of course, would be all too familiar with discrimination or dangers they might encounter and did not need to have it stated explicitly. In a typical example, the book would  have listed one or two hotels (or tourist homes) that accepted black travelers, and perhaps a restaurant that did not discriminate. The sparse listings might appear unimpressive to a reader today. But to someone traveling through an unfamiliar part of the country and seeking accommodations, that basic information could be extraordinarily useful. In the 1948 edition the editors expressed their wish that the Green Book would one day be obsolete: There will be a day sometime in the near future when this guide will not have to be published. That when we as a race will have equal opportunities and privileges in the United States. It will be a great day for us to suspend this publication for then we can go wherever we please, and without embarrassment. But until that time comes we shall continue to publish this information for your convenience each year. The books continued to add more listings with each edition, and beginning in 1952 the title was changed to The Negro Travelers Green Book. The last edition was published in 1967. Legacy of the Green Book The Green Book was a valuable coping mechanism. It made life easier, it may have even saved lives,  and theres no doubt it was deeply appreciated by many travelers over many years. Yet, as a simple paperback book, it tended not to attract attention. Its importance was overlooked for many years. That has changed.   In recent years researchers have sought out the locations mentioned in the Green Books listings. Elderly people who recall their families using the books have provided accounts of its usefulness. A playwright, Calvin Alexander Ramsey, plans to release a documentary film on the Green Book. In 2011 Ramsey published a childrens book, Ruth and the Green Book, which tells the story of an African American family driving from Chicago to visit relatives in Alabama. After being refused the keys to the restroom of a gas station, the mother of the family explains the unjust laws to her young daughter, Ruth. The family encounters an attendant at an Esso station who sells them a copy of the Green Book, and using the book makes their journey much more pleasant. (Standard Oils gas stations, known as Esso, were known for not discriminating and helped promote the Green Book.) The New York Public Library has a collection of scanned Green Books which can be read online. As the books eventually went out of date and would be  discarded, original editions tend to be rare. In 2015, a copy of the 1941 edition of the  Green Book was placed for sale at Swann Auction Galleries and sold for $22,500. According to an article in the New York Times, the buyer was the Smithsonians National Museum of African American History and Culture.

Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Financial Analysis - Essay Example ning process varies depending on the unique features of the business and its goals, but basically there are various general steps and guidelines that form the basis of the planning process. These steps include; Determination of Current Financial Situations, Establishment of Financial Objectives, Identification of Alternative Courses of Action, Evaluation of those alternatives, development and Implementation of Financial Action plan and even the process of Plan re-evaluation and revision. Dividends are termed as the ultimate distribution of either present or past earnings in factual assets amongst the existing shareholders within a given firm based on their ownership proportions (FABOZZI, F2011). Dividend policy often connotes to pay-out policy that is usually pursued by various managers while making decisions on the pattern and size of the shareholder’s cash distribution over time. The managements’ primary objective is based on the shareholders’ maximization of wealth, which often directly translates into value maximization of a given firm as determined by the company’s stock price. The achievement of this goal can be done through the aspect of granting shareholders with a fairer payment with regards to their investments. However, based on this Company under study, the effect of its shareholder’s dividend policy is still un-settled in one way or the other (FRAME & CURRY, 1974). There are generally two major types of dividend policies that include the residual and managed policies. In residual policy the quantity of dividend simply refers to the cash that is left behind after the given Company utilizes NPV rule in making desirable investments. This hence means that there will be a higher dividend variability with regards to the amount and can even reach a zero point. On the other hand, the optimal policy refers to a policy that largely work towards maximizing the firm’s stock price, thereby leading to the ultimate maximization based on the level of

Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Tesco - Essay Example The personal details play a crucial role as the company can be able to link them with the purchases made in the stores. Such strength indicates that the company values their customers since they inquire for personal details about the customers. Another significant strength of Tesco lies in its workforce; the employees of the organization tend to be friendly and treat the customers warmly (John 2004, p. 105). The global reach of Tesco can also be regarded as a remarkable strength of the company; Tesco has its stores spread all over several countries, and this can be regarded as a significant achievement. The spread of the stores enables the organization to secure large customer base compared to its competitors. Reasonable prices can also be regarded as strength of Tesco; this makes the customers to flock the stores of the organization (John 2004, p. 110). Offering best and affordable prices have been central to the organization’s success. The success of Tesco can be attributed to its strengths in terms of the wide range of products dealt with by the organization. The organization spread its products to include consumer products such as CD players, music players, computers, as well as other products such as hot cakes. ... products, which may expire; for example, products such as fruits, vegetables, salads, and sandwiches have to be sold before the expiry date (John 2004, p. 113). A look at the opportunities of Tesco indicates that the company has embraced the use of new technology in its operations. Tesco has seized the opportunities accorded by new technology as the company has adopted mass customization as a marketing strategy. The organization also offers both online and in-store shopping; therefore, customers can purchase the commodities they want at the comfort of their homes. The organization also gets favored by the EU laws due to its notable presence in the UK (John 2004, p. 118). One of the threats of the organization stems from the competition by companies such as Wal-Mart and Sainsbury. The company also faces the threat of venturing in new markets where other competitors might have established a strong market base. Possible Solutions In order to counter the challenges faced by the organizat ion, Tesco can adopt several changes in terms of its operations. First, the organization should strive towards improving its marketing plan and making it better than it is. For example, the company can introduce virtual stores, which will enable quick delivery of products to customers. This can play a crucial role in enhancing faster delivery of the products and increasing the organization’s sales (Rothwell 1998, p. 3). Another change that Tesco needs to institute includes looking for reliable suppliers in Denmark who will supply vegetables, fresh fruits, milk, bread, and meat. This stems from the fact that it may be extremely impossible to import such products from the United Kingdom owing to the high costs, which would be incurred by suppliers. Tesco has to adapt to the various demands

Obeserving bacteris and blood Essay Example for Free

Obeserving bacteris and blood Essay Objectives: There were two major goals of the â€Å"Observing Bacteria and Blood† experiment. The first was to establish a familiarity with the proper techniques for using a microscope. The experiment focused on both the basic components of a microscope (i.e. how to adjust the knobs and levers for the desired result) as well as how do decide the proper objective to use for observing a specimen. The second goal major goal of this experiment was to practice observing live specimens (yogurt and blood). Procedures: Exercise 1: Observation of prepared slides using the microscope. The observation of the 8 prepared slides was performed by making adjustments to the microscope (focus, condenser, light) in order to establish a clear image of the specimen. The slide was viewed through the 10x, 40x, and 100x objectives and all observations were recorded in the tables below. Exercise 23: Observationof yogurt and blood. The yogurt and blood slides were prepared as described in the Labpaq manual. The slides were observed using the 10x, 40x, and 100x objectives and all observations were recorded in the tables below. Observations/Results: Exercise 1 SampleObservations Part 1Part 2 150x600x1500x (Oil Immersion) Amoeba proteus Anabaena Ascaris Eggs â€Å"e† slide Paramecium Penicillium w/conidia Yeast Yogurt bacteria Exercise 2 3 SampleObservations 150X600x1500x Ex 2: Fresh Yogurt Ex 3: Blood Smear Photos/Drawings: (Insert and label images here. If image file (JPEG or GIF) sizes are too large they may be uploaded separately.) Analysis/Interpretation: Based on the observations detailed above, it can be concluded that the microscope is a powerful tool in the observation of organisms that are small in size. It was important to have a number of objectives of different magnifying power in order to be able to discern the level of magnification needed to best study a sample. In addition, the examination of the yogurt sample allowed for the observation of the varying shapes and arrangement of bacterial cells. The use of a microscope to observe the blood smear highlighted the many important components of human blood that are not evident by the naked eye. Application: In performing this experiment I have learned many important aspects of microbiology that apply to healthcare. First, there is plenty of information that can be discovered by looking at a sample under the microscope †¦ size, arrangement, number of organism. For example, this information can be utilized in making an initial identification on a patient sample in a hospital laboratory. Second, some microorganisms can be  beneficial such as those bacteria that can be cultured from yogurt. Furthermore, these microorganisms can also be used to build back a healthy population of intestinal bacteria in patients who have recently been taking antibiotics. Answers to the LabPaq Questions 1) Questions A. Identifythe following parts of the microscope and describe the functionof each. a. Ocular- eyepiece transmits and magnifies the image form the objective lens to the eye. b.Body/tube-holds the eyepiece at proper distance from the objective lens and blocks light. c.Nosepiece- rotating mount that hold objective lens. d.Objective Lens- gathers light for the specimen. e.Mechanical Stage- holds the specimen. f.Apeture diaphragm control/disc- alters the amount of light that reaches the condenser. g.Lamp- produces the light. h.Coarse focus knob-brings objects into focal point of the objective lens. i.Fine focus knob- makes fine adjustments to focus the image. j.Arm-holds all of the optical parts at a distance and aligns them. k.Clips-hold the specimen still on the stage. l.Base- supports the weight of all the microscope parts. Define the following microscopy terms: Focus: positions the objective lens at the proper distance from the specimen. Resolution: Ability for the lens to show fine details of the object being observed. Contrast: The darkness of the back ground relative to the specimen. B. What is the purpose of immersion oil? To direct the light from the microscope directly to the slide and stop it from refracting. It creats a finer resolution and brightness. Exercise 2: Observing Bacteria Cultures in Yogurt Questions A. Describe your observations of the fresh yogurt slide. B. Were there observable differences between your fresh yogurt slide and the prepared yogurt slide? If so, explain. C. Describe the four main bacterial shapes. Cocci – oval or spherical shaped. Bacillus – are rod shaped. Spirillum – are thick, rigid spirals. Vibrio – are curved or a comma shaped rod. D. What are the common arrangements of bacteria? Diplo – oval shaped, found in pairs. Strepto – are cocci that arange into chains. Staphylo – are cocci that are arranged into irregular clusters, similar to grapes. E. Were you able to identify specific bacterial morphologies on either yogurt slide? If so, which types? Exercise 3: Preparing andObservingaBloodSlide Questions A. Describe the cells you were able to see in the blood smear. B. Are the cells you observed in your blood smear different than the bacterial cells you have observed? Why or why not?

The Blaze of Life :: essays research papers

The Blaze of Life Picture this, a young beautiful girl smiling and standing by a big gum tree. On the surface you might think this is a pleasant picture. But then you take a closer look. She is standing there looking at a fire, but not just any fire, it is a fire of her house. But not only is her house burning down, her mother and sister is also burning in the fire. Even though her family and house is burning down to the ground, we just see her standing there. She is just staring intently at the fire, not doing anything and not being panicked at all. Somehow this picture does not seem right. Should she not be screaming or crying or getting help? In Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use (For Your Grandma)†, this picture of the fire, is presented to us from a story told by the girls mother. This fire, along with Characterization, setting, and dialogue, lead one to believe that the fire was the start of the mother’s loss of power. And the beginning of Dee’s, the beautiful girl, rise to power. From the very beginning the story there is a sense that Dee has a bit of an â€Å"upper hand† in the family. But why does the mother and Dee’s sister Maggie cower to Dee? Why is what Dee thinks and wants so important?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the story, the mother describes Maggie as being not exceptionally beautiful. In fact, she is described as looking like a lame animal. She walks like she has been left on the side of the road, â€Å". . .chin on chest, eyes on the ground, feet in shuffle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (292-3). She even cowers in the corner when asking her mother how she looks for fear she does not look beautiful. On the hand, Dee is described as being very beautiful. The mother says that, â€Å"Dee is lighter then Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure† (293). So Maggie already feels that Dee is a little â€Å"above† her in the way of looks. But why does she cower behind Dee as if she is in Dee’s shadow?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story, the mother has a dream about reuniting with Dee. In her dream she thinks: Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe.

Body Discourses

Prejudice is just a word that can bring down all the dreams, all the island of that perfect world that one creates from day one. The beautiful tress that are the dream of all the human beings, of which the black people unfortunately are deprived of, is the basic human right that everyone is born with. The true reflection of the body discourse was revealed to me when I first met one of my friends who used to live in the Mississippi.There we sat together and she then spelled her entire world to me where she tells me how badly her family and all the black families of Mississippi were treated and exclaimed about the sufferings throughout her life and came out the other end with courage and honor. She also tells how unfair the white men were to the blacks, inside and outside of the courtroom or even to any legal proceedings that were important to them, to their lives and to their future. Prejudice is a hideous subject, and is still skilled today.After our conversation I realized how ignor ance certainly is bliss because it deeply disturbed me after I got to know of the treatment of black people by the hands of white people. When I asked her the reason of the destructed attitude to her and the black families she told me that the the black people were tortured and tormented for no reason other than that they were black. The black families, not only hers but all the black families were in the constant fear of the nightriders who would kill a man for looking at them the wrong way in those days.The wrong way meant that if only the black people would stare at them then even they would beat them up, they would even stab them and the law and the police would do nothing to them. It is for this reason that the black people tried to keep their eyes low and towards the ground and bear the degradation so that their families wouldn’t get hurt. She tells me how her father use to explain to her when she used to be extremely shocked and disturbed to see her father’s sca rs and bleedings as to why he would take them as part of supper and wouldn’t do anything about it.She says that she use to turn wild but her father use to tell her that it's not such a good idea to get involved as they don't have much to do with the white folks. When she questioned as to why not her mother would smile and say that the white folks are naughty, mean and trouble makers. She says that though her mother used to smile but she could see her eyes crying and her hear the deep thunder of her heart. When I came close to hug her I did notice that the honor and confidence that the black people possess. Prejudice is a terrible thing to encounter, especially when dealing with ignorant and dastardly people.It is bad enough that the white man treated the black man unfairly on an informal day-to-day basis, but it is so much worse when they carry it into the judicial system. In the book, the white men try to make sure that the blacks lose their land. To do this, the bank demand s more money than her father can pay, and there is nothing anyone can do about it. No one can go to the police or the courts to complain, for they are all ruled by prejudiced white men. My black friend had extreme fear and sorrow in her eyes when she told how the three white men went to court for setting a black man's house on fire, that black man was her uncle.She even told that they were proud to do so and when they went to the court the judge ruled very unfairly as was expected. The judge states that the crime that they committed was triggered by outside influences, and that it wasn't their fault. He implies that it is alright to do what they did, because the FBI agents that are in town are provoking them. Prejudice and partiality trigger the type of unfairness the judge shows. The judge was white, and so were the men on trial. What else could he do but acquit them? In his mind, the judge saw that as the right thing to do.She even tells that her first day at school was horrible, Girls and boys throwing dirt at her new clothes and spitting at her calling her a â€Å"dirt nigger†. She even says that once at school she and her white class acquaintance got hurt because of some accident, she was more of threatened by her teacher to help her giving her class acquaintance the first aid and nobody bothered to ask her instead. She went home with all the injury. And her mother was not startled to know what had happened to her rather she said to get used to the pain.The injury was so deep and so painful that the doctor said that it had formed the apses and the finger needed to be removed. Her story was making me realize badly and viciously the black people are treated, and how they were brave and honorable, and how the judicial system made spineless efforts to make black people as miserable and deprived of rights as possible. Prejudice is not something someone is born with, it is merely taught at a young age. In an ideal world, everyone would get along, and tre at each other fairly. There would be no such thing as hate crimes, discrimination, or deprivation of civil rights.The violence and terror levels would plummet, and the streets would be safer for today's children. The word prejudice would vanish, and words like equality and unity would have new meaning. She tells more about her getting nagged daily by the street boys and girls and the way they looked at her face. She said that at the moment she felt as if she was build with a garbage can. She says that she knew that her days at the school were of less time period because for her integrity and her self-respect could not be paid by any schooling. Three weeks of school and she was home.She says that her mother would cry over her decision because it was very rare that a nigger would be part of any school any education not even a good post was destined for them. But then they decided to shift to a new land. They were nomads and so travelling with less food and less water was most obvious. And so after the cruel and torturous travel they are here and I listen to their story. BIBLIOGRAPHY Read, Alan. The Fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and Visual Representation. University of Michigan: Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1996.

5 Key Events in Affirmative Action History

Affirmative action, also know as equal opportunity, is a federal agenda designed to counteract historic discrimination faced by ethnic minorities, women and other underrepresented groups. To foster diversity and compensate for the ways such groups have historically been excluded, institutions with affirmative action programs prioritize the inclusion of minority groups in the employment, education and government sectors, among others. Although the policy  aims to right wrongs, it is among the most controversial issues of our time. But affirmative action is not new. Its origins date back to the 1860s, when initiatives to make workplaces, educational institutions and other arenas more inclusive to women, people of color and individuals with disabilities were set into motion.  Ã‚   1. The 14th Amendment Is Passed More so than any other amendment of its time, the 14th Amendment paved the way for affirmative action. Approved by Congress in 1866, the amendment forbade states from creating laws that infringed upon the rights of U.S. citizens or  denied citizens equal protection under the law. Following in the steps of the  13th Amendment, which outlawed slavery, the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause would prove key in shaping affirmative action policy. 2. Affirmative Action Suffers Major Setback in Supreme Court Sixty-five years before the term â€Å"affirmative action† would come into popular use, the  Supreme Court  made a ruling that could’ve prevented the practice from ever launching. In 1896, the high court decided in landmark case  Plessy v. Ferguson  that the 14th Amendment did not prohibit a separate but equal society. In other words, blacks could be segregated from whites as long as the services they received were equal to those of whites. The Plessy v. Ferguson case stemmed from an incident in 1892 when Louisiana authorities arrested Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth black, for refusing to leave a whites-only railcar. When the Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal accommodations didn’t violate the constitution, it paved the way for states to establish a series of segregationist policies. Decades later, affirmative action would seek to readdress these policies, also known as Jim Crow. 3. Roosevelt and Truman Fight Employment Discrimination For years, state-sanctioned discrimination would thrive in the United States. But two world wars marked the beginning of the end of such discrimination. In 1941—the year the Japanese attacked  Pearl Harbor—  President Franklin Roosevelt  signed Executive Order 8802. The order prohibited defense companies with federal contracts from using discriminatory practices in hiring and training. It marked the first time federal law promoted equal opportunity, thus paving the way for affirmative action. Two black leaders—A. Philip Randolph, a union activist, and Bayard Rustin, a civil rights activist, played critical roles in influencing Roosevelt to sign the groundbreaking order.  President Harry Truman  would play a crucial role in strengthening the legislation  Roosevelt  enacted. In 1948, Truman signed Executive Order 9981. It prohibited the Armed Forces from using segregationist policies and mandated that the military provide equal opportunities and treatment to all without regard to race or similar factors. Five years later, Truman further strengthened Roosevelt’s efforts when his Committee on Government Contract Compliance directed the Bureau of Employment Security to act affirmatively to end discrimination. 4. Brown v. Board of Education Spells End of Jim Crow When the Supreme Court ruled in 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson that a separate but equal America was constitutional, it dealt a major blow to civil rights advocates. In 1954, such advocates had an entirely different experience when the high court overturned Plessy via  Brown v. Board of Education. In that decision, which involved a Kansas schoolgirl who sought entry into a white public school, the court ruled that discrimination is a key aspect of racial segregation, and  it therefore  violates the 14th Amendment. The decision marked the end of Jim Crow and the beginning of the country’s initiatives to promote diversity in schools, the  workplace  and other sectors. 5. The Term â€Å"Affirmative Action† Enters American Lexicon President John Kennedy  issued Executive Order 10925 in 1961. The order made the first reference to â€Å"affirmative action† and strove to end discrimination with the practice. Three years later the Civil Rights Act of 1964 came about. It functions to eliminate employment discrimination as well as discrimination in public accommodations. The following year,  President Lyndon Johnson  issued Executive Order 11246, which mandated that federal contractors practice affirmative action to develop diversity in the workplace and end race-based discrimination, among other sorts. The Future of Affirmative Action   Today, affirmative action is widely practiced. But as tremendous strides are made in civil rights, the need for affirmative action is constantly called into question. Some states have even banned the practice. What’s to  come of  the practice? Will affirmative action exist 25 years from now? Members of the Supreme Court have said they hope the need for affirmative action is unnecessary by then. The nation remains highly racially stratified, making it doubtful that the practice will no longer be relevant.